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Publications IPH Magazine Revista IPH Nº18 A reflection on the impact of the Covid-19 pandemic on architecture and urbanism

A reflection on the impact of the Covid-19 pandemic on architecture and urbanism Msc. Paulo César Galante Siqueira, Dra. Maria Eleusa Montenegro

Abstract


This article aims to show how the moment of social isolation,  lived more intensely in the year 2020,  can change the parameters of residences in the future. The methodology used was that of  explanatory research,  in which we analyzed  studies that show that the low plants   of the houses, and their changes over time,  provide an  x-ray of the economic-social context lived at the time of their project. The impacts experienced in 2020 should generate a new demand, of a new product (residence), which is not yet available in the market. The    study   discusses some characteristics the authors believe should change  the current concept  of  residential design. In addition to product changes, the work exposes some social implications, which should occur due to the changes that the current Covid-19 pandemic will  require,  changing the current urban context. Although  we consider the  current  crisis  is temporary, it  is observed that  the disorders experienced  should leave marks  and, therefore,  it is concluded that the  changes identified may impact the future, implying changes that will be due to the moment experienced during this pandemic.

Keywords: architecture after Covid-19; future housing; social developments after Covid-19; urban dynamics.

Introduction


The pandemic generated by Covid-19, which began in early 2020, raised  several  questions about its implication in Architecture and  Urbanism. In the various  debates  held  throughout this year, whether to  seek or find a solution to the new challenges posed by the mentioned pandemic to  humanity as a whole. After what has been experienced, it is believed that future residential projects will not provide offices for adults and  larger  places where children can carry out their school activities. It is considered that the houses will no longer  have only one computer for  the  whole family, but  one  per resident, regardless of their  age. All these  changes will not only be structural, but will affect behaviors.

In one of these changes, we observed that the families returned to cooking at home, giving even more prominence to the space of the kitchen, something that could already be noticed in recent years, mainly due to the concept of an integrated kitchen and the profusion of television cooking shows. According to the website Consumidor Moderno (2020), when comparing this same period of 2020 with the year 2019,  there was an increase of 45% in the number of followers of cook profiles on social networks,  such  as  "Panelinha", presented by Rita Lobo. It was observed that people were  literally prevented from  leaving home and  forced to cook,  increasing the time of coexistence,  which  also implicated a change in the behavior of families, where previously it was observed that  each member was an island (Illustration 1).

Illustration 1: Each family member is an island  
 Source: Today (2018)


Parents are now obliged to assist in the development  of their children and their school activities, at a time when the relationship between teacher, student and parents has never been more important in our most recent history. Teachers, from their homes, in addition to their family obligations, need to set up real recording  studios,  in  rooms  that once had  only normal lighting,  and  were filled with special lamps, allowing the classes to  be recorded and broadcasted with higher  quality,  getting the same accesses during the day.

It is irrefutable that the social dynamics of people were affected during the pandemic, with profound impacts on our society. Bjarke Ingels 
(2014  p.1), famous Danish architect, explains how architecture is a reflection of the way we live: "Architectureis the art and science of ensuring that our cities and buildings fit into the way we want to live our lives: the process of manifesting." Thus, it is considered that the moment that society goes through is of great social change, from which, due to the needs, a new model of residence will emerge, taking into account the new social  dynamics.

The aim of this article is to put on the agenda some expected changes for future architectural  projects, especially residential projects. These changes are based on the social dynamics observed today. To sustain the points presented here, it was briefly shown how, at other times in history, the  configuration of a residence was a reflection of the moment experienced by society, more precisely the period between 1980 and 2010. In addition to presenting arguments for design changes, something concrete and tangible, this paper brings to the debate social issues that should happen if society really absorbs some changes in social dynamics as something more lasting.

Development


When the evolution of houses over time is studied, it is possible to see that there have been changes in their configuration and area over time. These changes have always been a reflection of changes in society. This can be verified by the work of architect Aline Carolino (2020), who  analyzes the projective change of real estate developments in the city of João Pessoa,  Paraíba. Her work studies apartments with similar typologies over the period from 1980 to 2016, evaluating all the plants of 48 buildings, summing up to 104 plants.

In her work, Carolino (2020) uses three guidelines to evaluate residences, and emphasis is    given to the dimensional analysis. This concept derives from  what was presented by France (2008),  in which he relates the total area, the  areas  by sectors (social, intimate and service)  with the  size of the most important space of each sector. Over time, it is possible to see there is a change in the participation of each space in the entire residence, as shown in Graph 1.


Graph 1 - Change in the sectors of a residence over the years   
Source: Carolino (2020)


About Graph I, Carolino (2020, p.42) still states:

When compared to the average of the sector area of each decade in relation to the average of the total area of the apartments, it was observed that there are variations for projects with different needs programs, depending on the number of rooms. What can be noted is that the apartments with a suite and two bedrooms have higher proportions in the occupation of the apartment to the intimate sector, going from the average of 48% in 1980 to up to 60% in some copies of 2010 (even with the loss of the balcony in the suite). This occurs primarily to the detriment of the service sector, but sometimes the social sector.

It is evident that, over the years, there has been an increase in the intimate area and a reduction, mainly, of the service area. The typology analyzed was that of three bedrooms with one bedroom combined with a bathroom, standard for the middle class. The research also showed that, in  addition  to the change of the area in percentage, there was a decrease of up to 30 square meters in the total built. This change went beyond the change in the built area, also reaching  the  configuration. The first enterprises had facilities for maid, over the years, this room became a reversible room and,  finally, it was extinguished.

The 2000s marked the end of the room intended for the maid, and although Carolino's study (2020) had the city of João Pessoa (PB) as her focus, it is known to all that this reality reached all over Brazil. The changes in the three-bedroom apartments were to present consumers with a new product, more in line with their expectations. The extinction of the maid's room is something  that almost everyone can identify with. The middle class, in the 80s, had at least one help, who would sleep in her employers' house, often working from Sunday to Sunday. Brazil's Federal Constitution of 1988  (BRASIL, 1988)  changed labor arrangements, which changed in part the profile of society. Gradually, this employee began to go home on weekends, and would no longer  be  available 24/7. This situation is supported by the fact that, before the 1988's Constitution, domestic workers did not have a law to support them, especially with regard to working hours, paid weekly rest, vacations and other rights previously far from the category, as Balduino (2018) states:

The Federal Constitution of 1988 granted domestic workers the right to the minimum wage, the 13th salary, wage irreducibility, paid weekly rest, 120-day maternity leave, vacation + 1/3, paternity leave, retirement, advance notice and social security. [...] The sole paragraph of Article 7 of the FC/88 was amended by EC 72/13, which guaranteed these employees the working hours of 8 hours per day and 44 hours per week. The employer who does not comply with the standard will pay overtime with a minimum of 50% higher than the normal hour.

The age at which children began to attend schools and day care centers also changed the dynamics of homes, without the nanny, something common until then. Social changes were shaping the residences. 

Before the 2000s, real estate launches were focused on residences for families of four to five members, but society was breaking some paradigms. The number of buildings that had smaller families as their target audience began to increase, even due to the decrease in the fertility rate (BRASIL. IBGE)  (Graph 2).
Graph 2 - Birth rate - Brazil  
 Source: BRAZIL. IBGE (2010)


This fall occurred mainly due to the advancement of women's rights, which, for the most part,  were able to leave home and seek professional fulfillment, becoming increasingly independent. In addition to this factor, it became increasingly common couples without children, single people and the elderly who had different needs of the standard family, that is, a couple and two children. This change is evidenced by a study conducted by IBGE between 1995 and 2005 and published in 2006, as seen in the following excerpt:

The Synthesis of Social Indicators reveals that between 1995 and 2005, in the Southeast region, the percentage of families formed by couples with children fell from 56.6% to 48.5%. Factors, such as the growth in women's participation inthe labormarket, may have caused changes in the structure of Brazilian families: the number of those headed by women grew 35% in the period. This increase has occurred even in families where the spouse is present. The Synthesis also revealed that in Brazil, in 2005, there were almost six million people living alone (BRAZIL, 2006).

This real estate change was not imposed by construction companies but reflected a new social dynamic. What dictated this change were cultural and economic changes. Today, the needs are also changing, and so should rise a new product, molded according to the longings of society.

Another, more recent change in the configuration of real estate occurred due to the fact that many families no longer have a cook, motivated, above all, by economic factors. This situation was  driven  by the insertion of women in the labor market,  since,  more busy and far from their homes, people began to eat in restaurants,  which is confirmed by Carvalho (2017, p. 484, author's highlights):

In recent decades, the expansion of the industry and the food market outside the home are substantial changes, fostered not only by technological advances in the way of producing, storing, preparing and serving food, but also for socioeconomic and cultural issues, such as the massive integration of women into the labor market and the effective separation between labor and residence spaces in large cities. As Garcia (2003) notes, "due to new demands generated by the urban way of life, the dinner is imposed the need to reconsider their life according to the conditions that provide, such as time, financial resources, places available to feed, place and periodicity of purchases, and others".

Thus, the family members assumed this role. Despite being a paradigm break for the elderly, and may be difficult to accept, the kitchen integrated with the living room is something that many younger couples have been looking for. The act of cooking, for many, ceased to be a must and became a moment of family conviviality, or even something that is part of the party, being with friends and cooking, rescuing old values from the social dynamics of families. The integration of the kitchen and its social implications should be understood as Carvalho explains (2017, p.1):

The commensality, in this way, would condense the traits of hospitality with those of rituals at the table, besides representing a source of pleasure from the enjoyment of pleasant companies, considering that the act of group eating can assume transcendent psychological dimensions for the individual and create, as lashley, Morrinson and Randall (2005) defend, unique and unforgettable dining experiences. 

Covid-19 is bringing new needs and, as a consequence, new challenges. It would be very immaturity to think that changes do not bring side effects, so in the next section, we present some expected  changes in the home product and its possible consequences.

The new challenges


The current situation of social isolation due to Covid-19 caused some dynamics in homes to be altered, situations that were not foreseen. 

Today, when you enter a house, you usually go through a social or intimate area, easily connected to the rest of the residence. Due to health issues, the ideal is that one can have a hygiene area before entering the intimacy of the home (Figure 2). This fact can cause future projects to have washbasins and a clothing change area before you can enter the house.


Illustration 2 - Hygiene area  
 Source: Metropolis (2019)


Most people are working from home, which is perhaps the most impactful effect, affecting both homes and businesses. The residences had, for the most part, the dining table transformed into a work table, where each member of the family, in possession of his/her computer, uses part of the table. 

This change may bring transformation in the design of the  furniture, such as, for example,  lower dining table, less imponent, but bringing greater comfort for prolonged use. Until then, it was thoughtless that a house with  five members could  have  everyone needing an office space simultaneously. Added to the situation of those who are working from home, students should also be inserted in this context, because they are prevented from going to  school and  need  a table to be able to perform their activities. Since everyone is in the same environment, the problem arises: each in their virtual meeting, father and mother with their work teams, and children with their teachers, the noise of so much talk is unbearable.

Future real estate launches will probably offer rooms with larger area, so that everyone can be accommodated; or there will be a kind of environment where there will be a large bench with partitions, allowing each one to exercise his/her activity (Illustration 3).


Illustration 3 - Collective work station    
Source: Author (2017)


The second problem with home office is that many companies have realized the performance of their employees has not been affected by the fact that they are working from home. A survey conducted by DataSenado Institute (2020) interviewed 5,000 people who are working from home. According to the institute, there was an increase in productivity of 41% by employees, and  of 38% of the company as a whole. These data are consistent with Nascimento (2020, p .4), who, in his research,  determined an increase between 15%  and  30% of productivity. This fact is causing many companies to be rethinking their work model. According to InfoMoney Magazine (2020), Banco do Brasil will close 19 of its 35 office buildings throughout the country. Once other companies take this example, it is easy to imagine empty urban centers. This fact will bring both advantages and disadvantages. The first impact that can be imagined is the reduction in traffic to large urban centers, which can contribute greatly to the improvement of air quality, as well as to the reduction of noise pollution. Thus, Maia (2020, p. 1) brings some benefits that the isolation caused by the pandemic brought to the environment, as seen in excerpt bellow:

Decreased air pollution in large cities, cleaner waters, unusual passage of wild animals in urban centers, empty beaches with turtles massive spawning. These and other consequences of the reduction of human circulation and their impact on the environment have been reported during the pandemic and are important for reflections on environmental issues on the planet. [...] For the first time in about 80 years, Dhauladhar mountain, which is part of the Himalayan mountain range, could be spotted again in India. This phenomenon occurred due to the drop in air pollution due to decreased production in factories and reduced traffic in quarantine. In China, this reduction has reached 25% since the beginning of the pandemic, and social isolation in the country may have saved between 50,000 and 75,000 people from death from pollution, according to Stanford University.

The first disadvantage would be the abandonment of commercial buildings (Illustration 4), which, if something is not done, will leave such places prone to invasions and crimes. Changes will be necessary in the city's masterplans to allow changes in activities in that sector, such as moving from a commercial building to a mixed-use building, allowing housing. This would be interesting especially from the point of view of public safety, making a sector of the city occupied not only during business hours. 

Illustration - Abandoned and invaded building in downtown São Paulo
 Source: Exarte (2019)


The second disadvantage would be that, with the decrease in commercial establishments, there would be a decrease in the supply of jobs that require less qualification, such as vigilant, maintenance, cleaning, maid, secretaries, and many others. This decrease in supply could bring great social problems, of which it is not yet possible to measure its impact.

The fast pace of the cities and the long working hours caused lunch, a moment in the past of paramount importance for the family, to be abandoned, as already shown in the above excerpt from Carvalho (2017, p.1). The great truth is that the vast majority of people rarely had the opportunity to have lunch at home and, gradually, this event was losing importance in family dynamics. Many have  come to rely almost exclusively on delivery services and  ready-to-eat food. Social isolation caused families, previously distant at this time, to resume this event as a family habit. Driven by necessity, often even financial one, many who rarely ventured into the kitchen began to prepare their own food daily. The increase in people who started cooking was not the only change, but the pandemic brought several social transformations in eating habits, something that has been studied on several fronts, as we see in Ferreira's (2020) excerpt:

In the pandemic, everything changed places to make room for a new way of life. The way of eating has not been exempted from the impact of social isolation. A study conducted at USP evaluated how Brazilian women, from different social classes and nutritional states, experienced this moment, affected by psychological aspects in relation to their eating habits and choices. The data show that they cooked more, decreased the going to supermarkets and used more delivery services.

Due to the fact that everyone was at home all the time, this task came to be shared, unlike the generation of our grandparents, when, mainly, women were the only responsible for the kitchen. Now, the family as a whole occupies this task, bringing the need for greater spaces in the future. The open concept or American kitchen (Illustration 5) should be consolidated in the real estate market. 

Illustration 5 - Integrated kitchen   
Source: VivaDecora (2020)

Just like with home office, we believe this new imposed eating concept should also bring an increase in unemployment for people who worked as maids and cooks. Families have sought to restrict other people's access to their homes, without many employees. Since such professions are no longer  indispensable,  it is our understanding  many homes may dismiss them.

Among the spaces of a residence, perhaps this sector is considered of main importance, as  Carolino points out (2020, p.11, author's highlights) in the following excerpt:

In the service sector, the apartments until the 1990s, mostly, have programs that have kitchen, service area, maid rooms and service bathroom, as well as found in apartments in Maceió, AL, Lima and Toledo (2018). Since the 2000s, in the sample studied, this sector has been reduced in terms of its program in a more expressive way. This decade presents, for the most part, only the environments indispensable to it, which are "kitchen" and"service"  - the latter often decreased to the minimum possible area, sometimes just the space of a wash basin.

It was precisely the kitchen that, in the midst of this crisis, began to play a major role. This space can be divided into two parts: cleaning and storeroom.

Despite the social isolation experienced, hardly anyone has the condition to spend more than a month without leaving home. It turns out that, after going out, the ideal is that everything is decontaminated,  making the service area an important place. The truth is that, even in middle-class developments, this space is limited by the minimum necessary for a washing basin and a washing machine. In our assessment, this has proven insufficient, especially for those who have been forced to keep their work routine away from home. Today,  there is much more strictness towards the hygiene of clothes, increasing the flow in the laundry, for  which should not be counted only the space for the machine and the basin, but the space to dry and store, with effective separation, clean and dirty clothes. This place, even because there is no longer the presence of the maid as it occurred in the past, was the one that suffered the greatest  reduction. The  absence of the maid in homes, although much more  common today, has been evolving in the mind of architects since the 1940s, as shown by Homem (2003, p.19):

We will verify that, for the first time in SãoPaulo, the kitchen was thought as an organic whole, which, together with the evolution of domestic equipment, would cause notable changes in relation to the large areas of kitchen activities. Be that as it may, the distribution of the kitchen linked to the North American slope was not unknown, as we saw above. On the other hand, more related to European architecture, modern architects, who began working in the 1930s and 1940s, were aware of the need to organize the kitchen in order to enable users to save steps and energy, even because the difficulty of relying on the maid was increasing. But now it was about the vulgarization of modern cuisine, depending on the production of appliances and related utensils.

The truth, in our view, is that society is in the process of learning, and one of the concerns is how to avoid leaving home. The main reason that leads us to leave the house is still the need for food, so the storeroom should resume its importance. Until recently, many had become accustomed to doing weekly purchases, as needed, but it was not always the case. In the past, during hyperinflation, the practice was to stock, in order to minimize financial damage. About this period, Rossi (2013) explains:

In Brazil, hyperinflation occurred in the 1980s and early 1990s, when rampant inflation exceeded 80% per month - yes, per month. That is, the same product came to almost double the price from one month to the next. Data from Instituto de Pesquisas Econômicas (Fipe) show that between 1980 and 1989, the average inflation in the country was 233.5% per year. In the following decade, between 1990 and 1999, the annual change increased to 499.2%.

With the end of this period, the storeroom was decreasing its participation in the footage of a house. Nowadays, many apartments have only one closet to store food, and many people wish to have more space. The projects of the future should increase this space so neglected 
until recently. 

The emptying of urban centers may be the main concern for urban planners. Brazil was strongly influenced by Modernism, so many of our capitals have commercial sectors with specific zoning. Once the occupation of these sites decreases, it will be possible to have totally empty buildings, abandonment will be the next step.

The abandonment of a building, or even a whole set, implies several social problems. As a place is abandoned, it becomes careless, and soon there will be the deterioration of that heritage. According to the Theory of Broken Windows, developed by James Wilson and George Kelling (1969), as Ortega (2016) explains:

The authors of the theory argued that if a factory window was broken and repaired immediately, people passing through the site would assume that no one cared about it and that, in that region, there was no authority responsible for punishing those responsible for the harmful attitude. Before long, other people would start throwing stones to break the other windows.

The theory shows us that abandoned buildings would soon be places enabling illicit activities. In addition to crime, the place may be an attraction for invasions of movements, such as the MTST (Movement of Homeless Workers), and abandoned buildings in urban centers are the main focus of this movement, as Ramos (2009) demonstrates in her dissertation entitled: "The war of places in the occupations of abandoned buildings of São Paulo". Today, there is an example of a region in this situation: Cracolândia, in the city center of São Paulo. Ideally, state governments monitor the situation and develop urban plans for these centers and can even refit commercial buildings to serve as residences, often for the low-income population.

By bringing the low-income resident, who usually lives far from the city, to the center, the abandonment of the place will be avoided. Well beyond just new residential buildings, there will be the revitalization of the centers. Not an aesthetic revitalization, as there are many in our country, but a human revitalization. 

Final considerations


The first thing we must understand is that the real estate market, although it cares little about social issues, for the sake of survival, will act according to the market's demands. The new challenges for future housing proposed here will become a reality as there is a demand in the market, or that it becomes a "facilitator" of sales, which brings commercial advantages for construction companies.
 
When comparing the projects of the 80s with the current ones, we saw that there was a decrease in the total built area. We believe that, hardly, the properties will increase its area, but probably other parts will be  sacrificed so that these new environments can be offered. In fact, we are victims of a system that evaluates a property by footage, not by quality. This can be proven when we analyze the code of works of any Brazilian city and note that there are minimum footage, openings and finishes established for a work to be approved. Seeking to avoid the citation of all the codes of all federative units in Brazil, we leave the Code of Works of the Federal District for those who want to verify (Secretariat of State and Urban Development and Housing, Codes of Works of the Federal District, 2015). In addition to the Code of Works, the condition for the construction of a property to be financed by Caixa Econômica Federal - a public-private bank used to promote the real estate market as a state policy - through its Technical Guidance Notebook (2019), deals much more with the minimum issues than the quality. Once the area was increased, even if it had little financial impact on the construction company, the effect for the buyer would be substantial.
  
The implications in cities are perhaps the most observed today. The fact that streets, parks, schools, restaurants, and so many other places are empty is hardly imperceptible. Perhaps one of the strangest factors is not hearing the noise of children on playgrounds, schools or even playing in the street. On the one hand, social isolation brought families together more, but practically extinguished social life. The urban planner will have new challenges; seek to understand the new social dynamics will be complex and will  bring  many obstacles.

Schools, commerce and offices  are  accumulating dust, and probably many will remain closed, even after the release of activities. Some will remain closed due to financial factors, others for fear that a second wave may still emerge. The truth is that no one can say what will happen to the cities. The city described by the Charter of Athenas (1933), available on the IPHAN website (BRAZIL. IPHAN, 2019), which would be sectorized, each party performing its function as a machine, perhaps it is something that will stay for the history books.

Although technological advances have been essential for life not to stop in the midst of this pandemic, they will also be the reason for irreversible changes in our society. As mentioned earlier    about Banco do Brasil vacating 19 buildings (InfoMoney, 2020), other companies will follow this path. There are changes that have happened due to Covid-19, but that should not return to the previous state. The implications this will bring to cities was only seen in science fiction works. 

The future of cities and the implications of this period of isolation will be the object of study by several professionals, such as sociologists, psychiatrists, and urban planners. At the present time,  it is only possible to try to predict hypothetical situations and be prepared if the situation presents itself. It is not the intention of the authors to be alarmist or pessimistic, but to predict as many possible situations as possible and, thus, try to be prepared for the future, reducing  the  impact of changes.

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Maria Eleusa Montenegro. Master and PhD in Education from UNICAMP/SP (Psychology of Education). Post-doctorate from the Faculty of Education of the University of Brasilia (UnB). Retired pofessor from the Faculty of Education of the Federal University of Goiás (UFG). Professor of Teaching Higher Education and Social Commitment at the Master's degree in Architecture and Urbanism and bachelor's degrees at the University Center of Brasília (UniCEUB). 

Paulo César Galante Siqueira. Master in Architecture by the University Center of Brasilia (UniCEUB), with focuses on City and Housing and research line in City and Urban Infrastructure. As an architect, he works with residential, commercial and acoustic projects. As an urban planner, he works in feasibility studies, infrastructure and allotment. He is the founder and director of the company A4D Arquitetura e Engenharia Ltda.         





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